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UMN Stress & Energy Support
A special enszyme formula combined with phyto-therapeutic
herbs and vitamins to support the body’s recovery from
stressful times and to preserve, protect and replenish energy
reserves.
see
Stress & Fatigue
Ingredients:
1. Schizandra Berries 120
mg
2. Siberian Ginseng Root 120
mg
3. Ashwagandha (root powder) 80
mg
4. Ginko Biloba 50:1 Extract 80
mg
5. American Ginseng Root 60
mg
6. Coenzyme Q10 5000 mcg
7. Thiamine B-1 10 mg
8. Riboflavin B-2 4 mg
9. Niacin B-3 20 mg
10. Pantothenic Acid B-5 10
mg
11. Pyridoxine B-6 10mg
12. Cyanocobalamin B-12 20
mcg
13. Folic Acid 400 mcg
14. Biotin 100 mcg
Enzyme Delivery System:
15. Lipase 108.28
LU
16. Cellulase 340.20CU
17. Amylase 802.76
DU
18. Protease 1330.52
HUT
Background Information:
What Is Stress?
What Causes Stress?
What Are The Symptoms Of Stress?
Do Nutritional Deficiencies Cause Stress?
How is Illness Related to Stress?
Which Physical Symptoms Are Caused By Stress?
UMN Stress & Energy Support Ingredient Rationale:
1. Schizandra Berries
Used For / Claims: Schizandra, an adaptogenic herb, has been
used traditionally for alleviating exhaustion caused by stress,
for increasing resistance to disease and stress, and promoting
energy in the body. "Adaptogen" implies that a substance
can act to strengthen the body and increasing general resistance.
Adaptogens help the body remain vital and healthy by affecting
the energy cells of the brain, muscles, liver, kidneys, and
nerves, energizing them and allowing them to function properly
even in stressful environments or conditions. Adaptogens work
by bringing the body into balance regardless of if a person
is nervous and anxious or fatigued and low energy. Adaptogens
have the special ability to bring either or both conditions
to a balanced ‘middle ground’.
Schizandra possesses the following properties:
· Anticonvulsant
· Antidepressant
· Antifatigue
· Anti-inflammatory
· Antioxidant
· Antitussive
· Tranquilizing
Schizandra is used for:
· Improving aerobic capacity
· Improving blood sugar levels
· Improving blood pressure levels
· Improving cellular energy
· Improving concentration
· Improving coordination
· Improving endurance
· Improving energy levels
· Improving immune system function
· Improving kidney health
· Improving liver health
· Improving mental function
· Improving mood
· Improving muscular activity
· Improving physical performance and endurance
· Improving the body’s response to various stress factors
· Improving vision
· Reducing aging
· Reducing high cholesterol levels
· Reducing motion sickness
· Reducing symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Dosage/Safety: To improve mental and physical performance, schizandra extract
has been recommended at doses up to 2 grams per day. Schizandra, is safe
if used appropriately, causing only minor digestive upsets in some people
when used in larger amounts.
References:
Upton R, ed. Schisandra Berry: Analytical,
quality control, and therapeutic monograph. Santa Cruz, CA:
American Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1999;1-25.
Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common
Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd
ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
Ko KM, Ip SP, Poon MK, Wu SS, Che CT, Ng KH,
Kong YC. Effect of a lignan-enriched fructus schisandrae
extract on hepatic glutathione status in rats: protection
against carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Planta Med. 1995 Apr;61(2):134-7.
Molokovskii DS, Davydov VV, Tiulenev VV., The
action of adaptogenic plant preparations in experimental
alloxan diabetes. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 1989 Nov-Dec;35(6):82-7.
Li PC, Poon KT, Ko KM. Schisandra chinensis-dependent
myocardial protective action of sheng-mai-san in rats. Am
J Chin Med. 1996;24(3-4):255-62.
Lee IS, Jung KY, Oh SR, et al. Structure-activity
relationships of lignans from Schisandra chinensis as platelet
activating antagonists. Biol Pharm Bull 1999 ;22(3): 265-7.
Liu KT, Lesca P. Pharmacological properties
of Dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene derivatives isolated from Fructus
Schizandrae Chinensis III. Inhibitory effects on carbon tetrachloride-induced
lipid peroxidation, metabolism and covalent binding of carbon
tetrachloride to lipids. Chem Biol Interact. 1982 Jul 15;41(1):39-47.
Sosnova TL, Golubev VV, Plekhanova NA, Afanas'ev
AN., Stimulating effects of eleuterococcus and Chinese schizandra
used for prevention of visual fatigue during work connected
with color discrimination. Gig Sanit. 1984 Dec;(12):7-9.
Liu KT, Lesca P. Pharmacological properties
of dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene derivatives isolated from Fructus
Schizandrae chinensis. I. Interaction with rat liver cytochrome
P-450 and inhibition of xenobiotic metabolism and mutagenicity.
Chem Biol Interact. 1982 Apr;39(3):301-14.
Hikino H, Kiso Y, Taguchi H, Ikeya Y., Antihepatotoxic
actions of lignoids from Schizandra chinensis fruits. Planta
Med. 1984 Jun;50(3):213-8.
Yan-yong C, Zeng-bao S, Lian-niang L. Studies
of Fructus schizandrae. IV. Isolation and determination of
the active compounds (in lowering high SGPT levels) of Schizandra
chinensis Baill. Sci Sin. 1976 Mar-Apr;19(2):276-90.
2. Siberian Ginseng Root
Used For / Claims: Siberian ginseng is an adaptogenic herb,
used for increasing resistance to environmental stress factors. "Adaptogen" implies
that a substance can act to strengthen the body and increasing
general resistance. Adaptogens help the body remain vital and
healthy by affecting the energy cells of the brain, muscles,
liver, kidneys, and nerves, energizing them and allowing them
to function properly even in stressful environments or conditions.
Adaptogens work by bringing the body into balance regardless
of if a person is nervous and anxious or fatigued and low energy.
Adaptogens have the special ability to bring either or both
conditions to a balanced ‘middle ground’.
Siberian Ginseng Root is used for:
· Alzheimer's disease
· Atherosclerosis
· Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
· Bronchitis
· Chronic fatigue syndrome
· Combating fatigue
· Diabetes
· Fibromyalgia
· Insomnia
· Improving athletic performance
· Increasing male and female fertility and reducing male impotence
· Increasing resistance to colds and flus
· Normalizing high or low blood pressure
· Preventing stress-related illnesses
· Relieving menstrual disorders and menopausal symptoms
· Restoring energy
· Rheumatic heart disease
· Rheumatoid arthritis
· Stimulating appetite
· Stimulating the immune system
Dosage/Safety:
Siberian ginseng extract has been safely recommended in doses of 400 mg per
day in numerous studies. If people take higher than normal doses, they may
experience anxiety, slight drowsiness, irritability, and melancholy.
WARNING: Siberian ginseng should be used cautiously or avoided
by people diagnosed with cardiovascular conditions including;
atherosclerotic or rheumatic heart disease, as use can cause
hypertension palpitations, and/or tachycardia.
References:
Davydov M, Krikorian AD. Eleutherococcus senticosus
(Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen:
a closer look. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;72(3):345-393.
Glatthaar-Saalmuller B, Sacher F, Esperester
A. Antiviral activity of an extract derived from roots of
Eleutherococcus senticosus. Antiviral Res 2001;50:223-8.
Vogler BK, Pittler MH, Ernst E. The efficacy
of ginseng. A systemic review of randomized clinical trials.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;55:567-75.
Hartz AJ, Bentler S, Noyes R, Hoehns J, Logemann
C, Sinift S, Butani Y, Wang W, Brake K, Ernst M, Kautzman
H., Randomized controlled trial of Siberian ginseng for chronic
fatigue. Psychol Med. 2004 Jan;34(1):51-61.
Shang SY, Ma YS, Wang SS. [Effect of eleutherosides
on ventricular late potential with coronary heart disease
and myocarditis]. [Article in Chinese] Zhong Xi Yi Jie He
Za Zhi 1991;11:280-1, 261.
Baranov AI. Medicinal uses of ginseng and related
plants in the Soviet Union: recent trends in the Soviet literature.
J Ethnopharmacol 1982;6:339-53.
Smerzer KD, Gretebeck PJ. Effect of radix Acanthopanax
senticosus on submaximal running peformance. Med Sci Sports
Excerc 1998;30 Suppl:S278.
Arushanian EB, Baida OA, Mastiagin SS, Popova
AP, Shikina IB., Effect of eleutherococcus on short-term
memory and visual perception in healthy humans. Eksp Klin
Farmakol. 2003 Sep-Oct;66(5):10-3.
Asano K, Takahashi T, Miyashita M, et al. Effect
of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract on human physical working
capacity. Planta Med 1986;(3):175-7.
Rogala E, Skopinska-Rozewska E, Sawicka T,
Sommer E, Prosinska J, Drozd J., The influence of Eleuterococcus
senticosus on cellular and humoral immunological response
of mice. Pol J Vet Sci. 2003;6(3 Suppl):37-9.
Dowling EA, Redondo DR, Branch JD, et al. Effect
of Eleutherococcus senticosus on submaximal and maximal exercise
performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28:482-9.
Drozd J, Sawicka T, Prosinska J., Estimation
of humoral activity of Eleutherococcus senticosus. Acta Pol
Pharm. 2002 Sep-Oct;59(5):395-401.
Szolomicki S, Samochowiec L, Wojcicki J, Drozdzik
M. The influence of active components of Eleutherococcus
senticosus on cellular defense and physical fitness in man.
Phytother Res 2000;14:30-5.
Kropotov AV, Kolodnyak OL, Koldaev VM., Effects
of Siberian ginseng extract and ipriflavone on the development
of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Bull Exp Biol Med.
2002 Mar;133(3):252-4.
Shen ML, Zhai SK, Chen HL, Immunomopharmacological
effects of polysaccharides from Acanthopanax senticosus on
experimental animals. Int J Immunopharmacol 1991;13:549-54.
Hou JP., The chemical constituents of ginseng
plants. Comp Med East West. 1977 Summer;5(2):123-45.
Eschbach LF, Webster MJ, Boyd JC, et al. The
effect of siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) on
substrate utilization and performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc
Metab 2000;10:444-51.
3. Ashwagandha (root powder)
Used For / Claims: For over 2,000 years, Ashwagandha has been
used in the Indian medical system known as Ayurveda. Ashwagandha
has been used in numerous ways; as an analgesic, antipyretic,
antioxidant, diuretic, anti-inflammatory agent, hypotensive,
sedative, rejuvenating tonic, and as an adaptogen. "Adaptogen" implies
that a substance can act to strengthen the body and increasing
general resistance. Adaptogens help the body remain vital and
healthy by affecting the energy cells of the brain, muscles,
liver, kidneys, and nerves, energizing them and allowing them
to function properly even in stressful environments or conditions.
Adaptogens work by bringing the body into balance regardless
of if a person is nervous and anxious or fatigued and low energy.
Adaptogens have the special ability to bring either or both
conditions to a balanced ‘middle ground’. Nutritionists
often refer to Ashwagandha as "Ayurvedic ginseng" because
of its ability to increase energy, strength, and stamina, and
for its ability to combat stress.
Ashwagandha is used for:
· Anxiety
· Arthritis
· Asthma
· Back pain
· Bronchitis
· Cancer
· Diabetes
· Fatigue
· Gastrointestinal disorders
· Improving cognitive function
· Infertility in men and women
· Insomnia
· Liver disease
· Menstrual disorders
· Modulating the immune system
· Pain
· Reducing the effects of aging
· Rheumatoid arthritis
· Sedation
· Stress
Dosage/Safety: Orally, ashwagandha is well tolerated at doses up to 6 grams
per day. Large doses may cause some people gastrointestinal upsets, and/or
diarrhea.
References:
Panda S, Kar A. Evidence for free radical
scavenging activity of Ashwagandha root powder in mice. Indian
J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997 Oct;41(4):424-6.
Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific
basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha):
a review. Altern.Med Rev. 2000;5:334-46.
Agarwal R, Diwanay S, Patki P, Patwardhan B.
Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera
(Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Oct;67(1):27-35.
Ziauddin M, Phansalkar N, Patki P, Diwanay
S, Patwardhan B. Studies on the immunomodulatory effects
of Ashwagandha. J Ethnopharmacol. 1996 Feb;50(2):69-76.
Akbarsha MA, Vijendrakumar S, Kadalmani B,
Girija R, Faridha A. Curative property of Withania somnifera
Dunal root in the context of carbendazim-induced histopathological
changes in the liver and kidney of rat. Phytomedicine. 2000
Dec;7(6):499-507.
Bhattacharya SK, Satyan KS, Ghosal S. Antioxidant
activity of glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera. Indian
J Exp Biol 1997; 35(3):236-9.
Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K,
Ghosal S. Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania
somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomedicine.
2000 Dec;7(6):463-9.
Archana R, Namasivayam A. Antistressor effect
of Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;64(1):91-3.
Devi PU. Withania somnifera Dunal (Ashwagandha):
potential plant source of a promising drug for cancer chemotherapy
and radiosensitization. Indian J Exp Biol. 1996 Oct;34(10):927-32.
Upton R, ed. Ashwagandha Root (Withania somnifera):
Analytical, quality control, and therapuetic monograph. Santa
Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia 2000:1-25.
Dhuley JN. Adaptogenic and cardioprotective
action of ashwagandha in rats and frogs. J Ethnopharmacol.
2000 Apr;70(1):57-63.
Davis L, Kuttan G. Effect of Withania somnifera
on cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity. Cancer Lett 2000;148:9-17.
Dhuley JN. Effect of ashwagandha on lipid peroxidation
in stress-induced animals. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Mar;60(2):173-8.
4. Ginko biloba Extract
Used For / Claims: Ginko biloba
With a long history in traditional Chinese medicine, Ginko biloba has benefits
as a memory-enhancing herb. Studies indicate that Ginko biloba has beneficial
effects on the circulatory and central nervous systems, and as an antioxidant.
Ginko biloba has been shown to improve:
· The utilization of oxygen
· Circulation of blood to the brain
· Systemic blood flow
· Neurotransmitter functions
· Memory performance
· Learning capacity
Ginko biloba is used for:
· Allergy
· Anxiety
· Asthma
· Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD);
· Bronchitis
· Cardiovascular disease
· Central nervous system disorders
· Cerebro-vascular insufficiency
· Dementia
· Depression, and numerous cognitive disorders secondary to depression
· Diabetic retinopathy
· Dizziness
· Circulatory disorders
· Headache
· Hearing loss
· Improving gallbladder function
· Improving liver function
· Intermittent claudication
· Memory loss
· Mood disturbances
· Poor concentration
· Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
· Raynaud’s disease
· Reducing aging
· Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
· Sexual dysfunction
· Stress
Dosage/Safety: Orally, Ginko biloba is well tolerated at doses
up to 240 mg per day. Large doses may cause some people gastrointestinal
upsets, headache, dizziness, palpitations, and/or constipation.
WARNING: Ginkgo is known to decrease platelet aggregation,
thin the blood, and increase the risk of bleeding. Ginkgo should
be used cautiously or avoided by people using aspirin and/or
other blood thinning medications.
References:
Warburton DM. Clinical psychopharmacology of
Ginkgo biloba extract. Presse Med. 1986 Sep 25;15(31):1595-604.
Diamond BJ, Shiflett SC, Feiwel N, et al. Ginkgo
biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical indications. Arch
Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:668-78.
Solomon PR, et al. Ginkgo for memory enhancement:
a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:835-40.
Kang BJ, Lee SJ, Kim MD, Cho MJ. A placebo-controlled,
double-blind trial of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced
sexual dysfunction. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002;17:279-84.
Taillandier J, Ammar A, Rabourdin JP, Ribeyre
JP, Pichon J, Niddam S, Pierart H. Treatment of cerebral
aging disorders with Ginkgo biloba extract. A longitudinal
multicenter double-blind drug vs. placebo study. Presse Med.
1986 Sep 25;15(31):1583-7.
Lister RE. An open, pilot study to evaluate
the potential benefits of coenzyme Q10 combined with Ginkgo
biloba extract in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res 2002;30:195-99.
Quaranta L, Bettelli S, Uva MG, et al. Effect
of Ginkgo biloba extract on preexisting visual field damage
in normal tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2003;110:359-62.
Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. The dose-dependent
cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba
to healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000;151:416-23.
Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, Franceschi
D, Franceschi M, MacGregor R, Shea C, Garza V, Liu N, Ding
YS. Evidence that gingko biloba extract does not inhibit
MAO A and B in living human brain. Life Sci. 2000 Jan 21;66(9):PL141-6.
Mazzanti G, Mascellino MT, Battinelli L, Coluccia
D, et al. Antimicrobial investigation of semipurified fractions
of Ginkgo biloba leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;71:83-8.
Van Dongen MC, et al. The efficacy of ginkgo
for elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory
impairment: new results of a randomized clinical trial. J
Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:1183-94.
Wesnes KA, Ward T, McGinty A, Petrini O. The
memory enhancing effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng
combination in healthy middle-aged volunteers. Psychopharmacology
(Berl) 2000;152:353-61.
Semlitsch HV, Anderer P, Saletu B, Binder GA,
Decker KA. Cognitive psychophysiology in nootropic drug research:
effects of Ginkgo biloba on event-related potentials (P300)
in age-associated memory impairment. Pharmacopsychiatry.
1995 Jul;28(4):134-42.
Daba MH, et al. Effects of L-carnitine and
Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in experimental bleomycin-induced
lung fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2002;45:461-6.
Polich J, Gloria R. Cognitive effects of a
Ginkgo biloba/vinpocetine compound in normal adults: systematic
assessment of perception, attention and memory. Hum Psychopharmacol
2001;16:409-16.
Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Modulation
of cognition and mood following administration of single
doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a ginkgo/ginseng combination
to healthy young adults. Physiol Behav 2002;75:739-51.
Saponaro A. Modifications of the rheogram of
cranial retinal vessels following administration of ginkgo-biloba.
Minerva Med. 1973 Nov 7;64(79 Suppl):4194-8.
Evans JR. Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related
macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;CD001775.
Racagni G, Brunello N, Paoletti R. Neuromediator
changes during cerebral aging. The effect of Ginkgo biloba
extract. Presse Med. 1986 Sep 25;15(31):1488-90.
Lyon MR, Cline JC, Totosy de Zepetnek J, et
al. Effect of the herbal extract combination Panax quinquefolium
and Ginkgo biloba on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder:
a pilot study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2001;26:221-8.
Raabe A, Raabe M, Ihm P. Therapeutic follow-up using automatic perimetry in
chronic cerebroretinal ischemia in elderly patients. Prospective double-blind
study with graduated dose ginkgo biloba treatment. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd.
1991 Dec;199(6):432-8.
Roncin JP, Schwartz F, D'Arbigny P. Ginkgo
biloba (EGb 761) in control of acute mountain sickness and
vascular reactivity to cold exposure. Aviat Space Environ
Med 1996;67:445-52.
Pidoux B. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on functional brain activity.. An
assessment of clinical and experimental studies. Presse Med. 1986 Sep 25;15(31):1588-91.
Perry EK, Pickering AT, Wang WW, Houghton PJ, Perry NS. Medicinal plants and
Alzheimer's disease: from ethnobotany to phytotherapy. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999
May;51(5):527-34.
Bastianetto S, Ramassamy C, Dore S, et al.
The ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects hippocampal
neurons against cell death induced by beta-amyloid. Eur J
Neurosci 2000;12:1882-90.
Massoni G, Piovella C, Fratti L. Effects on
microcirculation of Ginkgo-biloba in elderly people. G Gerontol.
1972 May;20(5):444-50.
Mix JA, Crews WD. A double-blind, placebo-controlled,
randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample
of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings.
Hum Psychopharmacol 2002;17:267-277.
Koltringer P, Eber O, Klima G, Rothlauer W,
Wakonig P, Langsteger W, Lind P. Microcirculation in parenteral
Ginkgo biloba extract therapy. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1989
Mar 17;101(6):198-200.
Le Bars PL, et al. A 26-week analysis of a
double-blind, placebo controlled trial of the ginkgo biloba
extract Egb 761 in dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disorder
2000;11:230-7.
Perry EK, Pickering AT, Wang WW, Houghton P,
Perry NS. Medicinal plants and Alzheimer's disease: Integrating
ethnobotanical and contemporary scientific evidence. J Altern
Complement Med. 1998 Winter;4(4):419-28.
Lingaerde O, Foreland AR, Magnusson A. Can
winter depression be prevented by Ginkgo biloba extract?
A placebo-controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999;100:62-6.
Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Ginkgo biloba. Lancet.
1992 Nov 7;340(8828):1136-9.
Ivaniv OP. The results of using different forms
of a Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in the combined treatment
of patients with circulatory encephalopathy. Lik Sprava.
1998 Dec;(8):123-8.
LeBars, PL, et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind,
randomized trial of an extract of ginkgo biloba for dementia.
JAMA 1997;278:1327-32.
Hofferberth B. The effect of Ginkgo biloba
extract on neurophysiological and psychometric measurement
results in patients with psychotic organic brain syndrome.
A double-blind study against placebo. Arzneimittelforschung.
1989 Aug;39(8):918-22.
Solomon PR, Adams F, Silver A, et al. Ginkgo
for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA
2002;288:835-40.
Itil TM, Eralp E, Ahmed I, Kunitz A, Itil KZ.
The pharmacological effects of ginkgo biloba, a plant extract,
on the brain of dementia patients in comparison with tacrine.
Psychopharmacol Bull. 1998;34(3):391-7.
Haguenauer JP, Cantenot F, Koskas H, Pierart
H. [Treatment of equilibrium disorders with Ginkgo biloba
extract. A multicenter, double-blind drug vs. placebo study].
Presse Med 1986;15:1569-72.
Hannequin D, Thibert A, Vaschalde Y. Development
of a model to study the anti-edema properties of Ginkgo biloba
extract. Presse Med. 1986 Sep 25;15(31):1575-6.
Holgers KM, Axelsson A, Pringle I. Ginkgo biloba
extract for the treatment of tinnitus. Audiol 1994;33:85-92.
Hemmer R, Tzavellas O. On cerebral effect of
plant preparation from Ginkgo biloba. Arzneimittelforschung.
1967 Apr;17(4):491-3.
Evans JR. Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related
macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;CD001775.
Garg RK, Nag D, Agrawal A. A double blind placebo
controlled trial of ginkgo biloba extract in acute cerebral
ischaemia. J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 Nov;43(11):760-3.
Kanowski, S. et al. Proof of efficacy of the
ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from
mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer
type or multi-infract dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996;29:47-56.
Rigney U, Kimber S, Hindmarch I. The effects
of acute doses of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract on memory
and psychomotor performance in volunteers. Phytother Res
1999;13:408-15.
Pittler MH, Ernst E. Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of intermittent
claudication: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med 2000,108:276-81.
Allard M. Treatment of the disorders of aging
with Ginkgo biloba extract. From pharmacology to clinical
medicine. Presse Med. 1986 Sep 25;15(31):1540-5.
Li AL, Shi YD, Landsmann B, et al. Hemorheology
and walking of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases patients
during treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract. Chung Kuo Yao
Li Hsueh Pao 1998;19:417-21.
Diamond BJ, Shiflett SC, Feiwel N, Matheis
RJ, Noskin O, Richards JA, Schoenberger NE. Ginkgo biloba
extract: mechanisms and clinical indications. Arch Phys Med
Rehabil. 2000 May;81(5):668-78.
Kudolo GB. The effect of 3-month ingestion
of Ginkgo biloba extract on pancreatic beta-cell function
in response to glucose loading in normal glucose tolerant
individuals. J Clin Pharmacol 2000;40:647-54.
5. American Ginseng Root
Used For / Claims: American Ginseng Root is an adaptogen.
An adaptogen is defined as a therapeutic and restorative tonic
that imparts a “balancing” effect on the body.
Adaptogens help the body remain vital and healthy by affecting
the energy cells of the brain, muscles, liver, kidneys, and
nerves, energizing them and allowing them to function properly
even in stressful environments or conditions. Adaptogens work
by bringing the body into balance regardless of if a person
is nervous and anxious or fatigued and low energy. Adaptogens
have the special ability to bring either or both conditions
to a balanced ‘middle ground’.
American Ginseng Root is used for:
· Anemia
· Atherosclerosis
· Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
· Bleeding disorders
· Blood disorders
· Cancer prevention & treatment
· Diabetes
· Dizziness
· Enhancing athletic performance
· Enhancing cognitive function
· Enhancing immune system function
· Enhancing memory
· Enhancing resistance to environmental stress factors
· Enhancing strength and stamina
· Headache
· Health maintenance
· Improving digestion
· Insomnia
· Impotence
· Loss of appetite
· Neuralgia
· Reducing blood sugar levels
· Relieving stress
· Rheumatism
· Stimulating effects
· Tonic for well-being
Dosage/Safety: Orally, American ginseng has been recommended
at doses up to 6 grams per day. No specific adverse reactions
have been reported with use of American ginseng.
References:
Vuksan V, et al. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius
L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects
and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med
2000;160:1009-13.
Luo P, Wang L. Peripheral blood mononuclear
cell production of TNF-alpha in response to North American
ginseng stimulation. [Abstract] Alt Ther 2001;7:S21.
Shin HR, et al. The cancer-preventive potential
of Panax ginseng: a review of human and experimental evidence.
Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:565-76.
Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, et al.
Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation
of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type
2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1221-6.
Attele AS, Wu JA, Yuan CS. Ginseng pharmacology:
multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem Pharmacol
1999;58:1685-93.
Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, et al. American
ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia
in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes
mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1009-13.
Chen SE. American ginseng. III. Pharmacokinetics
of ginsenosides in the rabbit. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet
1980;5:161-8.
Vuksan V, et al. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius
L.) attenuates postprandial glycemia in a time-dependent
but not dose-dependent manner in healthy individuals. Am
J Clin Nutr 2001;73:753-8.
Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug
Interactions, 3rd ed. Sandy (OR): Eclectic Medical Publications;
2001.
Vuksan V, et al. American ginseng improves
glycemia in individuals with normal glucose tolerance: effect
of dose and time escalation. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;6:738-44.
Scaglione F, Cattaneo G, Alessandria M, Cogo
R. Efficacy and safety of the standardized Ginseng extract
G115 for potentiating vaccination against the influenza syndrome
and protection against the common cold. Drugs Exp Clin Res
1996;22:65-72.
Amato P, Christophe S, Mellon PL. Estrogenic
activity of herbs commonly used as remedies for menopausal
symptoms. Menopause 2002;9:145-50.
Duda RB, Zhong Y, Navas V, et al. American
ginseng and breast cancer therapeutic agents synergistically
inhibit MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth. J Surg Oncol 1999;72(4):230-9.
Assinewe VA, et al. Extractable polysaccharides
of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng) root stmulate
TNFalpha production by alveolar macrophages. Phytomedicine
2002;9:398-404.
6. Coenzyme Q10
Used For / Claims: Coenzyme Q10 is fat-soluble nutrient that
acts similar to a vitamin. It is utilized in every cell of
the body. The organs containing the highest levels of Coenzyme
Q10 are the heart, liver, kidneys, and muscles. It is necessary
for the production of vital cellular energy, which is essential
for every single process of life.
Coenzyme Q10’s primary functions include:
· Antioxidant protection against free radical oxidation
· Stabilizer of cellular and tissue membranes
· Inhibiting lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and LDL cholesterol
· Protecting DNA and proteins from oxidative damage
· Essential coenzyme in numerous metabolic pathways
· Essential coenzyme in the electron transport chain
· Co-factor for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Coenzyme Q-10 is used for:
· Angina and arrhythmias
· Anti-aging benefits
· Cellular energy production
· Congestive heart failure (CHF)
· Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
· Diabetes
· Fibromyalgia
· Healthy heart function
· Healthy vascular function
· Healthy immune system
· HIV/AIDS
· Huntington's disease
· Improving exercise tolerance
· Maintaining healthy homocysteine levels
· Maintaining healthy blood pressure levels
· Male infertility
· Migraine headache
· Muscular dystrophy
· Parkinson's disease
· Periodontal disease
· Preventing "statin"-induced myopathy
· Providing antioxidant protection to cholesterol
· Reducing memory loss
Dosage/Safety: Dosage/Safety: Coenzyme Q-10 has been recommended
at doses up to 1200 mg per day, and is very safe when used
orally and appropriately. In studies lasting up to 30 months,
there have been no reports of significant side effects or toxicity.
References:
Crane FL. Biochemical functions of coenzyme
Q10. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:591-8.
Bertelli A, Ronca G. Carnitine and coenzyme
Q10: biochemical properties and functions, synergism and
complementary action. Int J Tissue React 1990;12:183-6.
Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. Overview of the
use of CoQ10 in cardiovascular disease. Biofactors. 1999;9(2-4):273-84.
Weis M, Mortensen SA, Rassing MR, et al. Bioavailability
of four oral coenzyme Q10 formulations in healthy volunteers.
Mol Aspects Med 1994;15:s273-80.
Yamamoto Y, Yamashita S. Plasma ratio of ubiquinol
and ubiquinone as a marker of oxidative stress. Mol Aspects
Med. 1997;18 Suppl:S79-84.
Fuke C, Krikorian SA, Couris RR. Coenzyme Q10:
a review of essential functions and clinical trials. US Pharmacist
2000;25:28-41.
Overvad K, Diamant B, Holm L, Holmer G, Mortensen
SA, Stender S. Coenzyme Q10 in health and disease. Eur J
Clin Nutr. 1999 Oct;53(10):764-70.
Dallner G, Sindelar PJ. Regulation of ubiquinone
metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;29:285-94.
Hanaki Y, Sugiyama S, Ozawa T, et al. Coenzyme
Q10 and coronary artery disease. Clin Investig 1993;71:112-5.
Mortensen SA. Coenzyme Q10 as an adjunctive therapy in patients with congestive
heart failure. JACC 2000;36:304-5.
Khatta M. The effect of coenzyme Q10 in patients
with congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:636-40.
Baggio E, Gandini R, Plauncher AC, et al. Italian
multicenter study on the safety and efficacy of coenzyme
Q10 as adjunctive therapy in heart failure. CoQ10 Drug Surveillance
Investigators. Mol Aspects Med 1994;15 Suppl:S287-94.
Greenberg S, Frishman WH. Co-enzyme Q10: a
new drug for cardiovascular disease. J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:596-608.
Sinatra ST. Coenzyme Q10: a vital therapeutic
nutrient for the heart with special application in congestive
heart failure. Conn Med. 1997 Nov;61(11):707-11.
Hofman-Bang C, Rehnqvist N, Swedberg K, et
al. Coenzyme Q10 as an adjunctive treatment of congestive
heart failure. J Card Fail 1995;1:101-7.
Oda T. Recovery of the systolic time intervals
by coenzyme Q10 in patients with a load-induced cardiac dysfunction.
Mol Aspects Med. 1997;18 Suppl:S153-8.
Soja AM, Mortensen SA. Treatment of congestive
heart failure with coenzyme Q10 illuminated by meta-analyses
of clinical trials. Mol Aspects Med 1997;18:S159-68.
Sinatra ST. Refractory congestive heart failure
successfully managed with high dose coenzyme Q10 administration.
Mol Aspects Med. 1997;18 Suppl:S299-305.
7. Thiamine B-1
Used For / Claims: Required for energy production, especially
converting carbohydrates into glucose, but also used to process
fats and proteins. Essential for healthy nervous system and
muscle function, including the heart muscle.
Dosage/Safety: Thiamine, when used appropriately, is very
safe. Current optimum daily allowance (ODA) is 10-100 mg.
References:
Bender DA. Optimum nutrition: thiamin, biotin
and pantothenate. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58(2):427-433.
Webster MJ. Physiological and performance responses
to supplementation with thiamin and pantothenic acid derivatives.
Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998;77:486-91.
Rodriguez-Martin JL, Qizilbash N, Lopez-Arrieta
JM. Thiamine for Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Review). Cochrane
Database Syst Rev. 2001;2:CD001498.
Suzuki M, Itokawa Y. Effects of thiamine supplementation
on exercise-induced fatigue. Metab Brain Dis. 1996 Mar;11(1):95-106.
Pfitzenmeyer P, Guilland JC, d'Athis P, et
al. Thiamine status of elderly patients with cardiac failure
including the effects of supplementattion. Int J Vitam Nutr
Res 1994;64(2):113-8.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.
Thiamin. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin,
Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin,
and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:58-86.
Manore MM. Effect of physical activity on thiamine,
riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 requirements. Am J Clin Nutr.
2000 Aug;72(2 Suppl):598S-606S.
Botez MI, Botez T, Ross-Chouinard A, Lalonde
R. Thiamine and folate treatment of chronic epileptic patients:
a controlled study with the Wechsler IQ scale. Epilepsy Res
1993;16:157-63.
Wilkinson TJ, Hanger HC, George PM, Sainsbury
R. Is thiamine deficiency in elderly people related to age
or co-morbidity? Age Ageing. 2000;29(2):111-116.
Shimon I, Almog S, Vered Z, et al. Improved
left ventricular function after thiamine supplementation
in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term
furosemide therapy. Am J Med 1995;98(5):485-90.
8. Riboflavin B-2
Used For / Claims: Required for red blood cell formation,
nervous system function, and energy production. Assists in
the breakdown and utilization of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Involved in regenerating glutathione, a cellular protector
against free-radical damage. May improve vision and help protect
against cataracts.
Dosage/Safety: Riboflavin, when used appropriately, is very
safe. Current optimum daily allowance (ODA) is 10-100 mg.
References:
Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary
reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for
calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J
Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706.
Jacques PF, Kalmbach R, Bagley PJ, et al. The
relationship between riboflavin and plasma total homocysteine
in the Framingham Offspring cohort is influenced by folate
status and the C677T transition in the methylenetetrahydrofolate
reductase gene. J Nutr. 2002;132(2):283-288.
McCormick DB. Two interconnected B vitamins:
riboflavin and pyridoxine. Physiol Rev. 1989;69(4):1170-1198.
Roe DA, Bogusz S, Sheu J, et al. Factors affecting
riboflavin requirements of oral contraceptive users and non-users.
Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:495-501.
Soares MJ, Satyanarayana K, Bamji MS, Jacob
CM, Ramana YV, Rao SS. The effect of exercise on the riboflavin
status of adult men.
Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness
of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized
controlled trial. Neurology. 1998;50(2):466-470.
Manore MM. Effect of physical activity on thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin
B-6 requirements. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug;72(2 Suppl):598S-606S.
Zempleni J, Galloway JR, McCormick DB. Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously
administered riboflavin in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(1):54-66.
Rokitzki L, Sagredos A, Keck E, Sauer B, Keul J. Assessment of vitamin B2 status
in performance athletes of various types of sports. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol
(Tokyo). 1994 Feb;40(1):11-22.
Madigan SM, Tracey F, McNulty H, et al. Riboflavin
and vitamin B-6 intakes and status and biochemical response
to riboflavin supplementation in free-living elderly people.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(2):389-395.
9. Niacin B-3
Used For / Claims: Required for energy production. Assists
in the breakdown and utilization of carbohydrates, fats and
proteins. Aids in the functioning of the nervous system. Involved
in the regulation of blood sugar. Acts as a vasodilator, widening
blood vessels and increasing blood flow.
Dosage/Safety: Niacin, when used appropriately, is very safe.
Current optimum daily allowance (ODA) is 10-200 mg.
References:
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.
Niacin. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin,
Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and
Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:123-149.
Cummings JH, Macfarlane G. Role of intestinal
bacteria in nutrient metabolism. J Parenter Enteral Nutr
1997;21(6):357-65.
Morgan JM, Capuzzi DM, Guyton JR. A new extended-release
niacin (Niaspan): efficacy, tolerability, and safety in hypercholesterolemic
patients. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Dec 17;82(12A):29U-34U.
Knopp RH. Evaluating niacin in its various
forms. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(12A):51L-56L.
Greenbaum CJ, Kahn SE, Palmer JP. Nicotinamide's effects on glucose metabolism
in subjects at risk for IDDM. Diabetes 1996;45:1631-4.
Schuna AA. Safe use of niacin. Am J Health
Syst Pharm. 1997 Dec 15;54(24):2803.
Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, et al. Fifteen
year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term
benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8(6):1245-1255.
Pozzilli P, Browne PD, Kolb H. Meta-analysis of nicotinamide treatment in patients
with recent-onset IDDM. The Nicotinamide Trialists. Diabetes Care 1996;19:1357-63.
Guyton JR, Goldberg AC, Kreisberg RA, Sprecher
DL, Superko HR, O'Connor CM. Effectiveness of once-nightly
dosing of extended-release niacin alone and in combination
for hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Sep 15;82(6):737-43.
Schatz DA, Bingley PJ. Update on major trials
for the prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus: the American
Diabetes Prevention Trial (DPT-1) and the European Nicotinamide
Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT). J Pediatr Endocrinol
Metab. 2001;14 Suppl 1:619-622.
Philipp CS, Cisar LA, Saidi P, Kostis JB. Effect
of niacin supplementation on fibrinogen levels in patients
with peripheral vascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Sep
1;82(5):697-9, A9.
Gale EA. Theory and practice of nicotinamide
trials in pre-type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab
1996;9:375-9.
Thomas VL, Gropper SS. Effect of chromium nicotinic
acid supplementation on selected cardiovascular disease risk
factors. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996 Dec;55(3):297-305.
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
ASHP Therapeutic Position Statement on the safe use of niacin
in the management of dyslipidemias. Am J Health Syst Pharm
1997;54:2815-9.
Jacobson EL. Niacin deficiency and cancer in
women. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993;12(4):412-416.
Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, et al. Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug
Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:1245-55.
Hale PJ, Nattrass M. The short-term effect
of nicotinic acid on intermediary metabolism in insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus. Ann Clin Biochem. 1991 Jan;28 ( Pt 1):39-43.
10. Pantothenic Acid B-5
Used For / Claims: Required for the release of energy from
carbohydrates, fats, and protein, plus the manufacture of adrenal
hormones and red blood cells. Also involved in fatty acid synthesis.
Dosage/Safety: Pantothenic Acid, when used appropriately,
is very safe. Current optimum daily allowance (ODA) is 25-100
mg.
References:
Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary
reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for
calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J
Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706.
Tahiliani AG, Beinlich CJ. Pantothenic acid
in health and disease. Vitam Horm. 1991;46:165-228.
Webster MJ. Physiological and performance responses
to supplementation with thiamin and pantothenic acid derivatives.
Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998;77:486-91.
Fry PC, Fox HM, Tao HG. Metabolic response
to a pantothenic acid deficient diet in humans. J Nutr Sci
Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1976;22(4):339-346.
Brenner A. The effects of megadoses of selected
B complex vitamins on children with hyperkinesis: controlled
studies with long-term follow-up. J Learn Disabil 1982;15:258-64.
Gaddi A, Descovich GC, Noseda G, et al. Controlled
evaluation of pantethine, a natural hypolipidemic compound,
in patients with different forms of hyperlipoproteinemia.
Atherosclerosis. 1984;50(1):73-83.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.
Pantothenic acid. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin,
Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin,
and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:357-373.
Bender DA. Optimum nutrition: thiamin, biotin
and pantothenate. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58(2):427-433.
11. Pyridoxine B-6
Used For / Claims: Primarily involved in protein metabolism.
Required for neurotransmitter synthesis. Pyridoxine plays a
vital role in the multiplication of all cells, synthesis of
hemoglobin (part of red blood cells) and white blood cells
(part of the immune system). Helps maintain healthy homocysteine
levels, which promotes heart health.
Dosage/Safety: Pyridoxine, when used appropriately, is very
safe. Current optimum daily allowance (ODA) is 25-100 mg.
References:
Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russell RM, Sahyoun N, Morrow
FD, Gershoff SN. Vitamin B-6 requirements of elderly men
and women. J Nutr. 1991;121(7):1062-1074.
Ellis JM, Folkers K, Levy M, et al. Response
of vitamin B-6 deficiency and the carpal tunnel syndrome
to pyridoxine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982;79:7494-8.
Keniston RC, Nathan PA, Leklem JE, Lockwood
RS. Vitamin B6, vitamin C, and carpal tunnel syndrome. A
cross-sectional study of 441 adults. J Occup Environ Med
1997;39:949-59.
Turner SL, Bechtel GA. Homocysteine and the
heart. Adv Nurse Pract. 1999 Mar;7(3):71-3.
Keniston RC, Nathan PA, Leklem JE, Lockwood RS. Vitamin B6, vitamin C, and
carpal tunnel syndrome. A cross-sectional study of 441 adults. J Occup Environ
Med. 1997;39(10):949-959.
Warren CJ. What is homocysteine? Am J Nurs.
1999 Oct;99(10):39-41.
Selhub J, Jacques PF, Bosotm AG, et al. Relationship
between plasma homocysteine and vitamin status in the Framingham
study population. Impact of folic acid fortification. Publ
Health Rev 2000;28:117-45.
Selhub J, Bagley LC, Miller J, Rosenberg IH.
B vitamins, homocysteine, and neurocognitive function in
the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):614S-620S.
Ubbink JB. Vitamin nutrition status and homocysteine:
an atherogenic risk factor. Nutr Rev. 1994 Nov;52(11):383-7.
Jewell D, Young G. Interventions for nausea
and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2002(1):CD000145.
Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, et al. Folate and
vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk
of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA. 1998;279(5):359-364.
Clarke R, Armitage J. Vitamin supplements and cardiovascular risk: review of
the randomized trials of homocysteine-lowering vitamin supplements. Semin Thromb
Hemost 2000;26:341-8.
Vermaak WJ, Barnard HC, Potgieter GM, Theron
HD. Vitamin B6 and coronary artery disease. Epidemiological
observations and case studies. Atherosclerosis. 1987 Feb;63(2-3):235-8.
Wyatt KM, Dimmock PW, Jones PW, Shaughn O'Brien
PM. Efficacy of vitamin B-6 in the treatment of premenstrual
syndrome: systematic review. Bmj. 1999;318(7195):1375-1381.
De Souza MC, Walker AF, Robinson PA, Bolland
K. A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month
of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief
of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind,
crossover study. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2000;9:131-9.
Willis R, Anthony M, Sun L, Honse Y, Qiao G.
Clinical implications of the correlation between coenzyme
Q10 and vitamin B6 status. Biofactors. 1999;9(2-4):359-63.
Riggs KM, Spiro A, 3rd, Tucker K, Rush D. Relations
of vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, folate, and homocysteine to
cognitive performance in the Normative Aging Study. Am J
Clin Nutr. 1996;63(3):306-314.
Goldenberg RM, Girone JA. Oral pyridoxine in
the prevention of oxalate kidney stones. Am J Nephrol 1996;16:552-3.
12. Cyanocobalamin B-12
Used For / Claims: Functions in Folic Acid metabolism. Required
for healthy functioning of the nervous system (i.e. synthesis
of myelin sheaths that insulate nerve fibers), DNA and red
blood cell synthesis, and immune function. Helps maintain healthy
homocysteine levels, which promote heart health. Cyanocobalamin
also aids in fatty acid utilization for energy.
Dosage/Safety: Cyanocobalamin, when used appropriately, is
very safe. Current optimum daily allowance (ODA) is 200-400
mcg.
References:
Baik HW, Russell RM. Vitamin B12 deficiency
in the elderly. Annu Rev Nutr. 1999;19:357-377.
Lindenbaum J, Rosenberg IH, Wilson PW, et al.
Prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in the Framingham elderly
population. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:2-11.
Novy MA. Are strict vegetarians at risk of
vitamin B12 deficiency? Cleve Clin J Med. 2000 Feb;67(2):87-8.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.
Vitamin B12. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin,
Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin,
and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:306-356.
Gomes-Trolin C, Gottfries CG, Regland B, Oreland
L. Influence of vitamin B12 on brain methionine adenosyltransferase
activity in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. J Neural
Transm Gen Sect. 1996;103(7):861-72.
Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J, Allen RH. Vitamin
B-12 deficiency in the elderly: current dilemmas. Am J Clin
Nutr. 1997;66(4):741-749.
Sudo K, Tashiro K. Cerebral white matter lesions
associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Neurology. 1998 Jul;51(1):325-6.
Penninx BW, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, et al.
Vitamin B(12) deficiency and depression in physically disabled
older women: epidemiologic evidence from the Women's Health
and Aging Study. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:715-21.
Hassing L, Wahlin A, Winblad B, Backman L.
Further evidence on the effects of vitamin B12 and folate
levels on episodic memory functioning: a population-based
study of healthy very old adults. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Jun
1;45(11):1472-80.
Penninx BW, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Fried
LP, Allen RH, Stabler SP. Vitamin B(12) deficiency and depression
in physically disabled older women: epidemiologic evidence
from the Women's Health and Aging Study. Am J Psychiatry.
2000;157(5):715-721. (PubMed)
Houston DK, Johnson MA, Nozza RJ, Gunter EW,
Shea KJ, Cutler GM, Edmonds JT. Age-related hearing loss,
vitamin B-12, and folate in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr.
1999 Mar;69(3):564-71.
Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, et al. Plasma
homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's
disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(7):476-483.
Schnyder G, Roffi M, Flammer Y, et al. Effect
of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid, vitamin
B12, and vitamin B6 on clinical outcome after percutaneous
coronary intervention. The Swiss Heart Study: A randomized
controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:973-9.
Loew D, Wanitschke R, Schroedter A. Studies
on vitamin B12 status in the elderly--prophylactic and therapeutic
consequences. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999 May;69(3):228-33.
Werbach MR. Nutritional strategies for treating
chronic fatigue syndrome. Altern Med Rev 2000;5:93-108.
Homocysteine Lowering Trialists' Collaboration.
Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid based supplements:
meta-analysis of randomised trials. Homocysteine Lowering
Trialists' Collaboration. BMJ. 1998;316(7135):894-898.
Clarke R, Armitage J. Vitamin supplements and
cardiovascular risk: review of the randomized trials of homocysteine-lowering
vitamin supplements. Semin Thromb Hemost 2000;26:341-8.
Lovblad K, Ramelli G, Remonda L, Nirkko AC,
Ozdoba C, Schroth G. Retardation of myelination due to dietary
vitamin B12 deficiency: cranial MRI findings. Pediatr Radiol.
1997 Feb;27(2):155-8.
Carpentier JL, Bury J, Luyckx A, et al. Vitamin
B12 and folic acid serum levels in diabetics under various
therapeutic regimens. Diabete Metab 1976;2:187-90.
Wu K, Helzlsouer KJ, Comstock GW, Hoffman SC,
Nadeau MR, Selhub J. A prospective study on folate, B12,
and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (B6) and breast cancer. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8(3):209-217.
Wahlin A, Hill RD, Winblad B, Backman L. Effects
of serum vitamin B12 and folate status on episodic memory
performance in very old age: a population-based study. Psychol
Aging. 1996 Sep;11(3):487-96.
13. Folic Acid
Used For / Claims: Required for DNA synthesis, healthy cell
division and replication, formation of the iron containing
protein (heme) in hemoglobin (a component of red blood cells),
and synthesis of neurotransmitters. Helps reduce the risk of
neural tube birth defects. Helps maintain healthy homocysteine
levels, which promote heart health.
Dosage/Safety: Folic Acid, when used appropriately, is very
safe. Current optimum daily allowance (ODA) is 400-800 mcg.
References:
Werler MM, Louik C, Mitchell AA. Achieving
a public health recommendation for preventing neural tube
defects with folic acid. Am J Public Health. 1999 Nov;89(11):1637-40.
Elkin AC, Higham J. Folic acid supplements
are more effective than increased dietary folate intake in
elevating serum folate levels. BJOG. 2000 Feb;107(2):285-9.
Tolmunen T, Voutilainen S, Hintikka J, et al.
Dietary folate and depressive symptoms are associated in
middle-aged Finnish men. J Nutr 2003;133:3233-6.
Cortes F, Hirsch S, de la Maza MP. The importance
of folic acid in current medicine. Rev Med Chil. 2000 Feb;128(2):213-20.
Tiemeier H, van Tuijl HR, Hofman A, et al.
Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine in depression: the
Rotterdam Study. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:2099-101.
Williams CN. Should folic acid supplementation
be used to reduce the risk of cancer in ulcerative colitis?
Can J Gastroenterol. 1999 Nov;13(9):715-6.
Bunout D, Garrido A, Suazo M, Kauffman R, Venegas
P, de la Maza P, Petermann M, Hirsch S. Effects of supplementation
with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine
levels and LDL oxidation in coronary patients. Nutrition.
2000 Feb;16(2):107-10.
van der Griend R, Haas FJ, Biesma DH, et al.
Combination of low-dose folic acid and pyridoxine for treatment
of hyperhomocysteinaemia in patients with premature arterial
disease and their relatives. Atherosclerosis 1999;143:177-83.
Kim YI. Folate and cancer prevention: a new
medical application of folate beyond hyperhomocysteinemia
and neural tube defects. Nutr Rev. 1999 Oct;57(10):314-21.
Schnyder G, Roffi M, Flammer Y, et al. Effect
of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid, vitamin
B12, and vitamin B6 on clinical outcome after percutaneous
coronary intervention. The Swiss Heart Study: A randomized
controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:973-9.
Lashner BA, Heidenreich PA, Su GL, et al. Effect
of folate supplementation on the incidence of dysplasia and
cancer in chronic ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterol 1989;97:255-9.
Willett WC. A prospective study of folate intake
and the risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 1999 May 5;281(17):1632-7.
Shrubsole MJ, Jin F, Dai Q, et al. Dietary
folate intake and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai
Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Res 2001;61:7136-41.
Alter HJ, Zvaifler NJ, Rath CE. Interrelationship
of rheumatoid arthritis, folic acid and aspirin. Blood 1971;38:405-16.
Carmody BJ, Arora S, Avena R, Cosby K, Sidawy
AN. Folic acid inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation
of human arterial smooth muscle cells. J Vasc Surg. 1999
Dec;30(6):1121-8.
Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, Virtanen J, et
al. Low dietary folate intake is associated with an excess
incidence of acute coronary events. Circulation 2001;103:2674-80.
14. Biotin
Used For / Claims: Functions in energy metabolism. Involved
in the utilization of glucose as well as the breakdown and
utilization of fatty acids. Required for the manufacture and
utilization of amino acids, synthesis of fatty acids, utilization
of B-vitamins, cell growth, and cell replication. Helps promote
strong nails, and healthy hair and skin.
Dosage/Safety: Biotin, when used appropriately, is very safe.
Current optimum daily allowance (ODA) is 100-500 mcg
References:
Said HM. Biotin: the forgotten vitamin. Am
J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:179-80.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.
Biotin. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin,
Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and
Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:374-389.
Zempleni J, Mock DM. Bioavailability of biotin
given orally to humans in pharmacologic doses. Am J Clin
Nutr 1999;69:504-8.
Zempleni J, Mock DM. Marginal biotin deficiency
is teratogenic. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000;223(1):14-21.
Hochman LG, Scher RK, Meyerson MS. Brittle
nails: response to daily biotin supplementation. Cutis 1993;51:303-5.
Said HM, Ortiz A, McCloud E, Dyer D, Moyer
MP, Rubin S. Biotin uptake by human colonic epithelial NCM460
cells: a carrier-mediated process shared with pantothenic
acid. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(5 Pt 1):C1365-1371.
Bonjour JP. Biotin in human nutrition. Ann
N Y Acad Sci 1985;447:97-104
(Koutsikos D, Agroyannis B, Tzanatos-Exarchou
H. Biotin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Biomed.Pharmacother.
1990;44:511-4.
Pabuccuoglu A, Aydogdu S, Bas M. Serum biotinidase
activity in children with chronic liver disease and its clinical
significance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;34(1):59-62.
Keipert JA. Oral use of biotin in seborrhoeic
dermatitis of infancy: a controlled trial. Med J Aust. 1976;1:584-5.
Mock DM. Biotin status: which are valid indicators
and how do we know? J Nutr. 1999;129(2S Suppl):498S-503S.
Hochman LG, Scher RK, Meyerson MS. Brittle
nails: response to daily biotin supplementation. Cutis 1993;51:303-5.
Improved bioavailability of the ingredients contained in the UMN Tranquility/Sleep
Support formula is accomplished by addition of the following digestive enzymes
to each capsule. After opening in the stomach, the ingredients are hydrolyzed
and pre-digested by the enzymes, reducing the particle size of the nutrients
and improving their absorbability into the blood stream.
15. Lipase.
Lipase is a digestive enzyme secreted into the digestive tract
from the pancrease, or taken form plant sources, that catalyzes
the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can
then be absorbed into the bloodstream as nutrients.
16. Cellulase.
An enzyme that breaks down cellulose to cellobiose, a sugar
composed of two glucose units. The human body does not make
cellulase, it must come from plant sources.
17. Amylase.
Amylase is a digestive enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic
juice and parts of plants, which digest various starches into
more simple sugars. Alpha amylase breaks the alpha-1,4-glucosidic
bonds of starch to yield oligosaccharides.
18. Protease.
Protease refers to a group of enzymes used to hydrolyze proteins.
They are also called proteolytic enzymes or proteinases. Proteolytic
enzymes break the peptide bonds in proteins to liberate the
amino acids needed by the body.
What Is Stress?
Stress is the reaction of the body to any stimulus or interference that disturbs
mental or physical health or normal functioning. Stress is caused by illness,
pain, emotional upset, or by external circumstances such as losing a job, or
the death of a spouse or family member. In today’s society, stress affects
everyone. The body cannot differentiate between ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ stress.
Even happy events, such as a wedding or awards presentation can be very stressful
to the body. The body does not seem to differentiate between whether a stress
is emotional, financial, nutritional, biochemical or environmental. All stresses
take their toll.
What Causes Stress?
Causes of stress include acute or chronic illness or allergic reactions, biochemical
or glandular imbalances in the body, nutritional deficiencies (especially
mineral and B vitamin deficiencies), poor diet (junk food), drug and alcohol
abuse, nerve damage, hypoglycemia, lack of rest or sleep, environmental pollution,
overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, marital and social problems. These internal
and external imbalances and stress factors are all contributing factors to
the ‘total stress load’ of the body.
What Are The Symptoms Of Stress?
Common symptoms of stress include anxiety, bad breath, body odor, and cardiovascular
conditions, depression, fatigue, high blood pressure, indigestion and stomach
upset, insomnia, muscle tension or spasm, pre-menstrual syndrome and menstrual
disorders, and weight loss or gain (anxiety eating).
Do Nutritional Deficiencies Cause Stress?
Yes. One of the greatest general stresses you can place on the body is nutritional
deficiencies. They force the body into a balancing act where it must constantly
be redirecting energy. This leaves the ‘human machine’ running
in a limited capacity, waiting for a breakdown.
Factors that increase nutritional needs and contribute to
stress and disease:
a. Lack of exercise, clean air, and pure water.
b. Depletion of minerals (caused by consuming sugar and commercial foods).
c. Exposure to pesticides, herbicides, and other human-made chemicals.
d. Use of antibiotics, corticosteroids, and immune suppressing prescription
drugs.
e. Use of other prescription or recreational drugs, alcohol, or tobacco.
f. Consumption of excess sugar, oils, fats, or refined foods.
g. Lack of enzymes (caused by consuming mainly cooked, refined, processed food).
h. Leaky Gut Syndrome (too large food particles getting into bloodstream).
i. Poor digestion and/or assimilation of nutrients.
j. Increased emotional and environmental stresses.
k. Individual and unique biochemical needs.
How is Illness Related to Stress?
A certain amount of stress in our lives is considered normal, however, prolonged
bouts of stress can lead to fatigue, exhaustion, minor illness, immune suppression,
and finally chronic degenerative conditions in the body. Chronic stress negatively
affects the immune system. A high percentage of people with allergies have
adrenal gland stress and/or exhaustion.
Which Physical Symptoms Are Caused By Stress?
The body is designed to handle some stress, whether it is physical or mental.
It is long term stress that causes the body to break down. Many people attribute
their stress-related symptoms to “nerves,” and, in fact, stress
first affects the parts of the body that are related to stress: the nervous
system, especially through the digestive and intestinal systems, and the
adrenal and thyroid glands (hormone producing glands). Initial symptoms of
stress related digestive disorders may be headaches and neck ache or back
pain. Other health conditions precipitated by stress include colitis, diarrhea,
digestive disorders, dizziness, hair loss, high blood pressure, impotence
and lack of sexual interest, irritability, loss of appetite, nervous and
anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, skin conditions, TMJ syndromes
(jaw pain and clicking), and ulcers. |
