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UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support

see Anxiety and insomnia

UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support Ingredients:

1. Calcium (carbonate, citrate, gluconate, aspartate, malate, micronized hydroxyapatite)  1000 mg
2. Magnesium (elemental as oxide, aspartate, citrate)  400mg
3. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)  100 Iu
4. Boron (elemental as gluconate)  1 mg
5. Vitamin K (phylloquinone)  10 mcg
6. Horse Tail herb (extract e. arvense)  25 mg

A synergistic combination of six sources of liquid Calcium, three sources of liquid magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin K, and supportive nutrients formulated for optimal bioavailability. Research has shown that ingredients in this formula helps prevent bone loss (osteoporosis) may help lower blood pressure, and diminish the symptoms associated with pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). Comprehensive - “LIQUID IN A SOFTGEL” - Healthy Bone Formula

UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support combines six (6) sources of Calcium and three (3) sources of Magnesium with herbs, vitamins and other minerals to provide superior nutrient bioavailability and complete nutritional support to help maintain healthy bones. Research has shown that ingredients in UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support may help maintain healthy bone structure, healthy teeth and normal blood pressure. UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support is free of sugar, starch, yeast, salt, wheat, corn and milk, and contains no preservatives, artificial colors or flavors.

Together, Calcium & Magnesium support the body’s natural processes directly related to:

· Healthy Bones (prevents and reverses osteoporosis)
· Healthy Teeth
· Healthy Nerve Function
· Healthy Muscle Function
· Healthy Connective Tissues- Hair, Skin & Nails

In conditions of:

· Anxiety syndromes requiring mild sedation characterized by
· Tension without cause
· Irritable or angry responses to sudden stimuli or frustration
· Fear of any social activities
· Severe indecisiveness
· Inattention and failure of recall
· Despondency and pessimism
· Tachycardia with palpitations
· Shortness of breath/hyperventilation
· Appetite impairment
· Faintness
· Nervousness
· Muscle cramps
· Leg cramps, “Restless” legs

· And may help:
· Lower blood pressure
· Lower cholesterol and triglycerides
· Possibly reduce calcium oxalate kidney stone formation

Symptoms Associated with Calcium and/or Magnesium Deficiency or Imbalance:

· Excessive tension, worry or anxiety without cause
· Irritable or angry responses to sudden stimuli or frustration
· Fear of social activities
· Severe indecisiveness
· Hypertension (high blood Pressure)
· Panic attacks
· Muscle spasms or tremors
· Altered reflexes
· Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
· Nervousness
· Insomnia
· Cardiac arrhythmia and racing pulse
· Increased irritability of nerves and muscles
· Nervous tics, tremors, and muscle spasm
· Fatigue
· Depression
· Hyperactivity
· Neuromuscular excitability
· Anxiety
· Confusion
· Muscle pain
· Restlessness
· Weakness

References (Calcium & Magnesium and Anxiety):

Nutritional Enzyme Support System, #416 Product information, April, 1996.
Page 2.

Wallach J, ND, Lan M, MD, Rare Earths Forbidden Cures (Bonita, CA, Double Happiness Publishing Co.), 1994. Page 297.

Hathcock J, Ph.D., Council for Responsible Nutrition, Vitamin and Mineral Safety, Page 49.

Blaurock-Busch E, PhD, Griffin V, PhD, Mineral and Trace Element Analysis, Laboratory and Clinical Application (Boulder, CO: TMI, Inc, 1996) Pages133 & 139.

Werbach M, M.D., Nutritional Influences on Illness (Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press), 1988. Pages 488, 490.

UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support Ingredient Rationale:

1. Calcium (carbonate, citrate, gluconate, aspartate, malate, micronized hydroxyapatite)

Used For / Claims:

The bones and teeth contain greater than 99% of calcium in the human body. Calcium in bone also serves as a reserve source of calcium that can be mobilized to maintain extracellular calcium concentrations. Calcium is an essential mineral that must be consumed daily as a dietary supplement to achieve the intake levels recommended by health authorities. UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support provides a proprietary blend of six different calcium compounds (carbonate, citrate, gluconate, aspartate, malate, micronized hydroxyapatite) for maximum potency and optimum absorption. The inclusion of Calcium Citrate ensures adequate calcium absorption in the elderly.

UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support also contains an exceptionally bioavailable source of Calcium, micronized hydroxyapatite, which is specially processed to retain all bone minerals and organic residues intact and in their natural physiological ratios. Research has shown this superior source of Calcium to be well tolerated, and that Micronized Hydroxyapatite Calcium supplements result in enhanced mineral absorption and retention. It is important that consumers of inferior, inexpensive calcium supplements know that many of these products are contaminated with naturally occurring lead.

While osteoporosis takes decades to develop, preliminary research suggests that drinking soda pop can contribute to broken bones in children. One study found that children 3 to 15 years old who had suffered broken bones had lower bone density, which can result from low calcium intake. Teenage boys and girls who frequently drink soft drinks consume approximately 20% leess calcium than non-consumers. Heavy soft-drink consumption also correlated with low intake of magnesium, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin A, as well as high intake of calories, fat, and carbohydrate. Presently, calcium deficiency continues to be a special problem for female soft-drink consumers, and many nutritional researchers warn of an increased incidence of osteoporosis in females who frequently consume soft drinks.

Calcium deficiency is most common in people on strict vegetarian, or vegan diets, however, the typical American does not get enough calcium from their diet. The typical American diet provides about 450-550 milligrams of calcium daily, well below Optimum Daily Allowance (ODA) for calcium of 1500 milligrams per day.

The Food and Nutrition Board instituted the Recommended Daily Allowance (IDA) in 1941, to determine what daily amount of vitamins were necessary to prevent certain rare diseases that are associated with nutrient deficiency. The RDAs are commonly referred to by those who understand nutrition, as the "minimum wages of nutrition". Unfortunately, the young, healthy people they used to determine these levels required only minimum amounts of these nutrients to ward off such diseases as beri beri, rickets, scurvy, and night blindness. What it does not account for is the amount needed to maintain maximum health rather than health constantly bordering on symptoms, or address the fact that due to numerous variables; including sex, age, diet, physical activity levels, stress levels, exposure to environmental toxins, and various other stress factors, that some people require more of certain nutrients to maintain optimum levels for fully expressing health. Current scientific studies indicate that larger dosages of these vitamins help our bodies work better. By providing an Optimum Daily Allowance (ODA) of vitamins, you can enhance your health.

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for calcium is 800 milligrams per day.
The optimum Daily Allowance (ODA) for calcium is 1500 milligrams.
Optimum Daily Allowance (ODA) reflects the amounts of nutrients required by most adults to support and maintain vibrant good health, as shown by scientific studies.

Calcium is essential for:

· Blood coagulation
· Cell membrane and capillary permeability
· Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) absorption
· Enzyme reactions
· Gastrin secretion
· Glandular secretion
· hormone release and storage
· Kidney function
· Nerve transmission
· Neurotransmitter release and storage
· Muscle contraction
· Respiration
· Uptake and binding of amino acids
· Vascular contraction
· Vasodilation

Calcium is used for:

· Hypocalcemia
· Diarrhea
· Rickets
· Muscle tetany
· Osteoporosis
· Osteomalacia
· Over-acidity of the gastrointestinal tract
· High blood pressure (hypertension)
· Hypoparathyroidism
· Binding phosphates associated with kidney failure
· Leg cramps
· Maintaining healthy levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
· Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
· Lowering the risk for colorectal cancer
· Lowering elevated fluoride and lead levels

Dosage/Safety: The optimum Daily Allowance (ODA) for calcium is 1500 milligrams. Calcium is safe if used as directed. When taking large doses for extended periods, some people experience belching, flatulence, and gastrointestinal irritation.

References:

Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706.

National Institute of Health Consensus Conference: Osteoporosis. JAMA 252(6):799-802, 1984).

Miller J, Smith D, Flora, et al. “Calcium absorption from calcium carbonate and a new form of calcium (CCM) in healthy male and female adolescents”. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:1291-94.

Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 1997;337:670-6.

Michael F. Jacobson, Ph.D., Liquid Candy, How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health. http://www.cspinet.org/sodapop/liquid_candy.htm#Nutritional accessed 03-30-04

Anderson JJ. Calcium requirements during adolescence to maximize bone health. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:186S-191S.

Cook JD, et al. Calcium supplementation: effect on iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Jan;53(1):106-11.

Lininger S, DC, Wright J, MD, Austin A, ND, Brown D, ND, Gaby A, MD, The Natural Pharmacy (Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1998) Page 182.

Heaney RP, Rafferty K. Carbonated beverages and urinary calcium excretion. Am.J Clin Nutr 2001;74:343-7.

Kohls K, Kies C. “Calcium bioavailability: A comparison of several different commercially available calcium supplements”, J Appl Nutr 1992;44:50-62.

Ross EA, Szabo NJ, Tebbett IR.Lead content of calcium supplements. JAMA 2000;284:1425-9.

Minihane AM, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Effect of calcium supplementation on daily nonheme-iron absorption and long-term iron status. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:96-102.

Blaurock-Busch E, PhD, Griffin V, PhD, Mineral and Trace Element Analysis, Laboratory and Clinical Application (Boulder, CO: TMI, Inc, 1996) Page 138-39.

Coindre JM, David JP, Riviere L, et al. Bone loss in hypothyroidism with hormone replacement: A histomorphometric study. Arch Int Med 1986;146:48-53.

Kawano Y, et al. Calcium supplementation in patients with essential hypertension: assessment by office, home and ambulatory blood pressure. J Hypertens 1998;16:1693-9.

Perry HM. Thyroid replacement and osteoporosis (editorial). Arch Int Med 1986;146:41-2.

Griffith LE, et al. The influence of dietary and nondietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure: an updated metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens 1999;12:84-92.

Bucher HC, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, et al. Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1996; 275:1016-22.

Allender PS, et al. Dietary calcium and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:825-31.

White E, Shannon JS, Patterson RE. Relationship between vitamin and calcium supplement use and colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997;6:769-74.

Chan JM, et al. Dairy products, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, and risk of prostate cancer (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 1998;9:559-66.

Power ML, et al. The role of calcium in health and disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1560-9.

Zittermann A, Bock P, Drummer C, et al. Lactose does not enhance calcium bioavailability in lactose-tolerant, healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:931-6.

Kanis JA. The use of calcium in the management of osteoporosis. Bone 1999;24(4):279-90.

Feskanich D, et al. Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003 Feb;77(2):504-11.

Talbot JR, Guardo P, Seccia S, etal. Calcium bioavailability and parathyroid hormone acute changes after oral intake of dairy and nondairy products in healthy volunteers. Osteoporos Int 1999;10:137-42.

Heaney RP. Calcium needs of the elderly to reduce fracture risk. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:192S-197S.

Kalkwarf HJ, et al. The effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during lactation and after weaning. N Engl J Med 1997;337:523-8.

Deal C. Can calcium and vitamin D supplementation adequately treat most patients with osteoporosis? Cleve Clin J Med 2000;67(10):696-8.

Ebeling PR, Wark JD, Yeung S, et al. Effects of calcitriol or calcium on bone mineral density, bone turnover, and fractures in men with primary osteoporosis: a two-year randomized, double blind, double placebo study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4098-103.

Bryant RJ, Cadogan J, Weaver CM. The new dietary reference intakes for calcium: implications for osteoporosis. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18(5):406S-412S.

Hammar M, Larsson L, Tegler L. Calcium treatment of leg cramps in pregnancy. Effect on clinical symptoms and total serum and ionized serum calcium concentrations. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1981;60:345-7.

Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, et al. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporos Int 2002;13:257-64.
Jackson KA, Savaiano DA. Lactose maldigestion, calcium intake and osteoporosis in African-, Asian-, and Hispanic-Americans. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:198S-207S.

Zemel MB. Regulation of adiposity and obesity risk by dietary calcium: mechanisms and implications. J Am Coll Nutr 2002;21:146S-151S.

Wolf RL, Cauley JA, Baker CE, et al. Factors associated with calcium absorption efficiency in pre- and perimenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:466-71.

Need AG, Philcox JC, Hartley TF, et al. Calcium metabolism and osteoporosis in corticosteroid-treated postmenopausal women. Aust N Z J Med 1986;16(3):341-6.

Thys-Jacobs S. Micronutrients and the premenstrual syndrome: The case for calcium. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19(2):220-7.

Bell L, Halstenson CE, Halstenson CJ, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effects of calcium carbonate in patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:2441-4.

Kalkwarf HJ, Harrast SD. Effects of calcium supplementation and lactation on iron status. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:1244-9.

Thys-Jacobs S, et al. Calcium carbonate and the premenstrual syndrome: effects on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. Premenstrual Syndrome Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:444-52.

Uusi-Rasi K, Sievanen H, Pasanen M, Oja P, Vuori I. Associations of calcium intake and physical activity with bone density and size in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study. J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:544-52.

Koo WK, Walters JC, Esterlitz J, et al. Maternal calcium supplementation and fetal bone mineralization. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:577-82.

2. Magnesium (elemental as oxide, aspartate, citrate)

Used For / Claims: Up to 50% of the magnesium in the body is present in bone. Magnesium is important to the normal bone structure and it plays an essential role in more than 300 fundamental cellular reactions. It is involved in protein synthesis, calcium and carbohydrate metabolism. Magnesium is critical to both maintaining nerve and muscle electrical potentials and transmitting impulses across neuromuscular junctions.

Magnesium is important for the absorption, utilization and metabolism of Calcium. Supplements such as UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support which contain both Calcium and Magnesium, provide maximum benefit in relation to bone health and optimal blood pressure control. Magnesium deficiency is extremely common due to the excessive consumption of processed foods and inadequate intake of whole, natural foods. Magnesium deficiency is also more common in people taking oral contraceptives, natural or prescription diuretics, and over-consuming laxatives. Magnesium deficiency is a commonly related to cardiovascular conditions, cirrhosis of the liver (alcoholism), kidney disease, menstrual cramping, and PMS.
UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support supplies the best absorbable forms of Magnesium including “chelated” and well-tolerated Magnesium bound to aspartate and citrate.

Relative to anxiety and insomnia, the most important function of magnesium is its role in the relaxation of muscles. Sufficient levels of magnesium are also crucial for the formation of the bones, fatty acids and proteins. Other functions include acting as a co-factor for enzymes, synthesis of RNA and DNA and numerous amino acids, the activation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for cellular energy production, proper cardiovascular function, and the formation and utilization of insulin.
A 1994 survey conducted by the Gallup Organization found that 72% of adult American’s diets lack sufficient magnesium. The survey revealed that over half of all adults are consuming less than 75% of the RDA and one-third are eating less than 50% of the RDA for magnesium.

Magnesium is used for:

· Anxiety
· Asthma
· Allergic rhinitis
· As an antacid for symptoms of gastric hyperacidity
· Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
· Cardiovascular diseases (angina, arrhythmias, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, mitral valve prolapse, myocardial infarction, and vasospastic angina.
· Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
· Diabetes
· Fatigue
· Fibromyalgia
· Glaucoma
· Hypertension
· Kidney stones
· Magnesium deficiency
· Migraine headaches
· Muscle pain
· Muscle tension
· Muscle spasm
· Orally as a laxative for constipation
· Osteoporosis
· Perinatal care
· Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
· Preventing hearing loss
· Restless leg syndrome
· To increase energy and endurance

Dosage/Safety: Optimum Daily Allowance (ODA) for magnesium is 750 - 1000 milligrams.

References:

Lininger S, DC, Wright J, MD, Austin A, ND, Brown D, ND, Gaby A, MD, The Natural Pharmacy (Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1998) Page 182.

Durlach J, Bac P, Durlach V, et al. Magnesium status and ageing: an update. Magnes Res 1998;11(1):25-42.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.

Hardwick LL, Jones MR, Brautbar N, Lee DB. Magnesium absorption: mechanisms and the influence of vitamin D, calcium and phosphate. J Nutr 1991;121:13-23.

Blaurock-Busch E, PhD, Griffin V, PhD, Mineral and Trace Element Analysis, Laboratory and Clinical Application (Boulder, CO: TMI, Inc, 1996) Page 138-9.

Galland L. Magnesium and inflammatory bowel disease. Magnesium 1988;7:78-83.

Bhargava B, Chandra S, Agarwal VV, et al. Adjunctive magnesium infusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 1995;52:95-9.

Gottlieb SS. Importance of magnesium in congestive heart failure. Am J Caridol 1989;63:39G-42G.

Hollifield JW. Magnesium depletion, diuretics, and arrhythmias. Am J Med 1987;82:30-7.

Suter PM. The effects of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber on risk of stroke. Nutr Rev 1999;57:84-8.

Muir KW, Lees KR. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of intravenous magnesium sulfate in acute stroke. Stroke 1995;26:1183-8.

Galloe AM, Rasmussen HS, Jorgensen LN, et al. Influence of oral magnesium supplementation on cardiac events among survivors of an acute myocardial infarction. BMJ 1993;307(6904):585-7.

Schwinger RH, Eromann E. Heart failure and electrolyte disturbances. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1992;14(4):315-25.

Teragawa H, Kato M, Yamagata T, et al. The preventive effect of magnesium on coronary spasm in patients with vasospastic angina. Chest 2000;118(6):1690-5.

Dengel JL, et al. Magnesium homeostasis: conservation mechanism in lactating women consuming controlled-magnesium diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:990-4.

Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1147-52.

Hornyak M, Voderholzer U, Hohagen F, et al. Magnesium therapy for periodic leg movements-related insomnia and restless legs syndrome: an open pilot study. Sleep 1998;21:501-5.

Dahle LO, Berg G, Hammar M, et al. The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy-induced leg cramps. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173(1):175-80.

Crosby V, Wilcock A, Corcoran R. The safety and efficacy of a single dose (500 mg or 1 g) of intravenous magnesium sulfate in neuropathic pain poorly responsive to strong opioid analgesics in patients with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000;19:35-9.

Ranade VV, Somberg JC. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of magnesium after administration of magnesium salts to humans. Am J Ther 2001;8:347-57.

Finstad EW, et al. The effects of magnesium supplementation on exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:493-8.

Witteman JC, et al. Reduction of blood pressure with oral magnesium supplementation in women with mild to moderate hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:129-35.

Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B. Assessment of magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Magnes Res 1997;10:143-8.

Deulofeu R, Gascon J, Gimenez N, Corachan M. Magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet 1991;338:641.

Golf SW, Bender S, Gruttner J. On the significance of magnesium in extreme physical stress. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1998;12:197-202

Rossier P, van Erven S, Wade DT. The effect of magnesium oral therapy on spasticity in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2000;7:741-4.

Facchinetti F, et al. Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:177-81.

Muneyyirci-Delale O, Nacharaju VL, Dalloul M, et al. Serum ionized magnesium and calcium in women after menopause: inverse relation of estrogen with ionized magnesium. Fertil Steril 1999;71:869-72.

Sacks FM, Willett WC, Smith A, et al. Effect on blood pressure of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in women with low habitual intake. Hypertension 1998;31:131-8.

Kosch M, Hausberg M, Westermann G, et al. Alterations in calcium and magnesium content of red cell membranes in patients with primary hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2001;14(3):254-8.

Landy L, “Gallup Survey Finds Majority of American Diets Lack Sufficient Magnesium- at Potential Cost to Health” Searle News, Sept. 21, 1994.

Wang F, Van Den Eeden SK, Ackerson LM, et al. Oral magnesium oxide prophylaxis of frequent migrainous headache in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache. 2003;43:601-10.

Mauskop A, Altura BT, Cracco RQ, et al. Deficiency in serum ionized magnesium but not total magnesium in patients with migraines. Possible role of ICa2+/IMg2+ ratio. Headache 1993;33(3):135-8.

Rolla G, Bucca C, Bugiani M, et al. Hypomagnesemia in chronic obstructive lung disease: effect of therapy. Magnes Trace Elem 1990;9:132-6.

3. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

Used For / Claims: The major function of vitamin D is to maintain calcium homeostasis. It accomplishes this by increasing the efficiency of the intestine to absorb dietary calcium. Vitamin D regulates bone mineralization, for building bone mass and preventing bone loss, protecting against muscle weakness, and for promoting strong teeth.

The UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support formula, which contains Calcium combined with Vitamin D, are especially beneficial for promoting bone health in those individuals (often the elderly, postmenopausal women or patients with osteoporosis) who are unable to get sufficient exposure to sunlight (which stimulates the body’s manufacture of this vitamin), and/or unable to produce adequate amounts of the active and most potent form of this vitamin (possibly due to disorders of the liver or kidneys and/or as a result of estrogen status, Magnesium or Boron deficiency), and for adolescents who consume large amounts of sodas.

Vitamin D is used for:

· Building bone mass and preventing bone loss
· Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis
· Hypocalcemia caused by postoperative or idiopathic hypoparathyroidism
· Hypocalcemic tetany
· Improving immune function
· Multiple sclerosis
· Muscle weakness
· Osteomalacia
· Osteogenesis imperfecta
· Preventing and treating rickets
· Preventing and treating hypocalcemia and tetany in premature infants
· Preventing the development of type 1 diabetes
· Preventing falls and fractures in people at risk for osteoporosis
· Postmenopausal osteoporosis
· Reducing auto-immune diseases
· Reducing the risk for breast, colon, and prostate cancer
· Rheumatoid arthritis
· Psoriasis
· Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
· Scleroderma
· Vitiligo

Dosage/Safety: Vitamin D is safe when used orally and appropriately. The current daily adequate intake (AI) of vitamin D used as cholecalciferol to prevent rickets in healthy children and osteomalacia in adults is based on age. Birth through 50 years of age, 5 mcg (200 units); Adults (ages 51 to 70), 10 mcg (400 units); Adults (greater than 70 years of age), 15 mcg (600 units) daily (15). Orally, vitamin D is well tolerated. If taken in excessive doses, Vitamin D intoxication may occur.

References:

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington D.C. 2000

Rodriguez-Martinez MA, et al. Role of Ca²+ and Vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Pharmacol Ther 2002;93:37-49

Devine A, Wilson SG, Dick IM, Prince RL. Effects of vitamin D metabolites on intestinal absorption and bone turnover in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(2):283-8.

Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, et al. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet 2001;358(9292):1500-3.

Prabhala A, Garg R, Dandona P. Severe myopathy associated with vitamin D deficiency in western New York. Arch Intern Med 2000;160(8):1199-203.

Barger-Lux MJ, et al. Vitamin D and its Major Metabolites: Serum Levels after Graded Oral Dosing in Healthy Men. Osteoporos Int 1998;8:222-30

Reid IR, Ibbertson HK. Calcium supplements in the prevention of steroid-induced osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;44(2):287-90.

Gennari C. Differential effect of glucocorticoids on calcium absorption and bone mass. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32(Suppl 2):11-4.

Feskanich D, et al. Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:504-11

Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, et al. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:690-3.

Van Veldhuizen PJ, et al. Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer May Improve Bone Pain and Muscle Strength J Urol 2000;163:187-90

Garland C, et al. Dietary vitamin D and calcium and risk of colorectal cancer: a 19-year prospective study in men. Lancet 1985;1:307-9.

Kragballe K. Treatment of psoriasis with calcipotriol and other vitamin D analogues. J Amer Acad Dermatol 1992;27:1001-8.

Reid DM, Kennedy NS, Smith MA, et al. Total body calcium in rheumatoid arthritis: Effects of disease activity and corticosteroid treatment. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982;285(6338):330-2.

Harris S, Dawson-Hughes B. Seasonal mood changes in 250 normal women. Psychiatry Res 1993;49:77-87.

Need AG, Horowitz M, Morris HA, Nordin BEC. Vitamin D status: effects on parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1577-81.

Kyriakidou-Himonas M, Aloia JF, Yeh JK. Vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal black women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(11):3988-90.

Gloth FM 3rd, Alam W, Hollis B. Vitamin D vs broad spectrum phototherapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. J Nutr Health Aging 1999;3:5-7.

4. Boron (elemental as gluconate)

Used For / Claims: Boron is important in mineral metabolism and membrane function. Orally, boron is used for promoting bone health & treating osteoarthritis.

Boron is necessary for the action of Vitamin D, which stimulates the absorption and utilization of Calcium, and is therefore important for bone health. Research studies suggest that Boron may be essential in the conversion of Vitamin D to its active form and may reduce body Calcium loss by increasing the beneficial effects of estrogen on bone health. UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support contains Boron chelated to gluconate for maximum bioavailability.

Boron is used for:

· Building muscle mass
· Decreasing body fat
· Improving calcium absorption
· Improving muscle strength
· Improving cognitive function
· Improving fine motor skills
· Maintaining bone density
· Promoting bone health
· Treating osteoarthritis

Dosage/Safety: Boron is safe when used orally and appropriately. Do not exceed 20 mg per day.

References:

Samman S, Naghii MR, Lyons Wall PM, Verus AP. The nutritional and metabolic effects of boron in humans and animals. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998 Winter;66(1-3):227-35.

Nielsen FH. Biochemical and physiologic consequences of boron deprivation in humans. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102:59-63.

Naghii MR, Samman S. The role of boron in nutrition and metabolism. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1993 Oct-Dec;17(4):331-49.

Rainey CJ, Nyquist LA, Christensen RE, Strong PL, Culver BD, Coughlin JR. Daily boron intake from the American diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999 Mar;99(3):335-40.

Newnham RE. Essentiality of boron for healthy bones and joints. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102:83-5.

Nielsen FH. The justification for providing dietary guidance for the nutritional intake of boron. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998 Winter;66(1-3):319-30.

Benderdour M, Bui-Van T, Dicko A, Belleville F. In vivo and in vitro effects of boron and boronated compounds. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1998 Mar;12(1):2-7.

Nielsen FH, Hunt CD, Mullen LM, Hunt JR. Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB J 1987;1:394-7.

Beattie JH, Peace HS. The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr. 1993 May;69(3):871-84.

Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effects of boron supplementation on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female athletes. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102(Suppl 7):79-82.

Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary women. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:341-5.

Green NR, Ferrando AA. Plasma boron and the effects of boron supplementation in males. Environ Health Perspect. 1994 Nov;102 Suppl 7:73-7.

Penland JG. Dietary boron, brain function, and cognitive performance. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102:65-72.

Clarkson PM, Rawson ES. Nutritional supplements to increase muscle mass. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1999 Jul;39(4):317-28.

Kreider RB. Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance exercise. Sports Med. 1999 Feb;27(2):97-110.

Ferrando AA, Green NR. The effect of boron supplementation on lean body mass, plasma testosterone levels, and strength in male bodybuilders. Int J Sport Nutr. 1993 Jun;3(2):140-9.

Naghii MR. The significance of dietary boron, with particular reference to athletes. Nutr Health. 1999;13(1):31-7.

Naghii MR, Samman S. The effect of boron supplementation on its urinary excretion and selected cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res 1997;56:273-86.

5. Vitamin K (phylloquinone)

Used For / Claims: Vitamin K is used for preventing vitamin K deficiency and to prevent and treat osteoporosis. People supplement vitamin K for osteoporosis because there is evidence that low vitamin K intake or serum levels are associated with fractures in people with osteoporosis.

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin which acts as a coenzyme in the synthesis of proteins involved with bone metabolism and plays a role in maintaining healthy bone structure. A deficiency of this vitamin leads to impaired mineralization of the bone because of inadequate levels of osteocalcin, the major noncollagen protein found in bones. Vitamin K is required for the binding of the osteocalcin molecule with Calcium and holding Calcium in place within the bone. UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support contains phylloquinone, the major form of Vitamin K found in the diet.

Vitamin K is used for:

· Vitamin K deficiency
· To prevent and treat osteoporosis
· Reducing bone fractures

Dosage/Safety: There are no RDAs for vitamin K, so daily adequate intake (AI) recommendations have been formed: Infants 0-6 months, 2 mcg; Infants 6-12 months, 2.5 mcg; Children 1-3 years, 30 mcg; Children 4-8 years, 55 mcg; Children 9-13 years, 60 mcg; Adolescents 14-18 years (including those pregnant or lactating), 75 mcg; Men over 19 years, 120 mcg; Women over 19 years (including those pregnant and lactating), 90 mcg. Very few side effects have been reported regarding Vitamin K usage at typical doses.

References:

Shearer MJ, Bach A, Kohlmeier M. Chemistry, nutritional sources, tissue distribution and metabolism of vitamin K with special reference to bone health. J Nutr 1996;126:1181S-6S.

Vermeer C, Gijsbers BL, Craciun AM, et al. Effects of vitamin K on bone mass and bone metabolism. J Nutr 1996;126:1187S-91S.

Knapen MH, Hamulyak K, Vermeer C. The effect of vitamin K supplementation on circulating osteocalcin (bone Gla protein) and urinary calcium excretion. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:1001-5.

Tamatani M, Morimoto S, Nakajima M, et al. Decreased circulating levels of vitamin K and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in osteopenic elderly men. Metabolism 1998;47:195-9.

Weber P. Management of osteoporosis: is there a role for vitamin K? Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1997;67:350-356.

Olson RE. Osteoporosis and vitamin K intake. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1031-2.

Price PA. Vitamin K nutrition and postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Invest 1993;91:1268.

Feskanich D, Weber P, Willett WC, et al. Vitamin K intake and hip fractures in women: a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69(1):74-9

Hodges SJ, Akesson K, Vergnaud P, et al. Circulating levels of vitamins K1 and K2 decreased in elderly women with hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res 1993;8:1241-5.

Bitensky L, Hart JP, Catterall A, et al. Circulating vitamin K levels in patients with fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1988;70:663-4.

Jie KG, Bots ML, Vermeer C, et al. Vitamin K status and bone mass in women with and without aortic atherosclerosis: a population-based study. Calcif Tissue Int 1996;59:352-6.

6. Horse Tail (extract e. arvense)

Used For / Claims: Horse Tail is among the richest plant sources of the mineral silicon, used to strengthen the bones, connective tissue, hair and skin. Horse Tail contains silicon in the form of the compound monosilicic acid, which the body can readily use. Silicon containing supplements such as UMN Liquid Calcium & Magnesium Support help keep bones and nails strong.

Horsetail is used for:

· Gouty arthritis
· General conditions of the kidney and bladder
· Kidney and bladder stones
· Mild diuretic effect
· Rheumatic diseases
· Urinary tract infections
· Weak hair and fingernails

Dosage/Safety: People should not take more than 2 grams of the powdered extract per day. Horsetail is safe when used orally and appropriately.

References:

Blumenthal M, editor. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.

Holzhuter G, Narayanan K, Gerber T., Structure of silica in Equisetum arvense. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003 Jun;376(4):512-7. Epub 2003 May 06.

McGuffin M, et al, ed. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997.

Graefe EU, Veit M., Urinary metabolites of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in humans after application of a crude extract from Equisetum arvense. Phytomedicine. 1999 Oct;6(4):239-46.